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The 2004 Junior Championships returned to East Grand Rapids
Middle School, the site of the 2001 and 2002 events. The 387
participants in 9 sections were just shy of the final tally of
about 400 from last year. For the first time, we used advance
registration only which greatly aided in getting the event
started on time. In fact, I spent most of Saturday worried that
something would go wrong, rather than fixing all of the little
problems that usually present themselves. We were altered to our
disaster at around noon when the trophies arrived, with all of
the wrong plates. But, all of the trophies were present and round
one did start on time for the Saturday sections, so it
wasnt really much of a disaster. In any case, it was
wonderful to have the event in a facility that was perfectly
equipped to handle all of the people. Lest anyone forget the
force behind East Grand Rapids chess, let me remind you all what
a wonderful event organizer Dan Brown is. In addition to
Dans efforts in coordinating the site for us, we must thank
his parent volunteers, Belinda Wright who helped at the results
table on Saturday, and the EGR Wrestling club who ran the
concession stand and helped maintain the site throughout the
weekend. Thank-you also to the MCA board members who stopped by,
both to watch and to help. MCA secretary, Kathy Moroney, in
addition to being a supportive parent, helped out at the results
table on Saturday and Sunday, as did Tim McGrew, Michigan Chess
Games Editor, who was also being a supportive parent on Sunday.
The tournament event staff was composed of me, Jeff Aldrich,
Keith Councell, Eric Choate, and Martin Moore, just like the 2003
Junior.
Michigan Junior (K-12)
For the first time in recent memory, the Junior had an
amazingly small turn-out. Only 35 competitors joined the event.
Perhaps the insurgence of participants in the Young Junior will
restore the numbers of high school players in the future. The
largest groups of students were from Mendon, in their first year
of competition, and Kearsley, who drove over from Flint. However,
the playing room for the Junior was beautifully set-up in the
library on the second floor of EGR middle school, overlooking the
lake. It was a quiet, serene room, with natural lighting that was
really nice, except in the evening during round three. One of the
three co-champions from 2003 returned to the 2004 event. Aaron
Kahn, now a ninth grader, was top-seed in the event. Aarons
rating was 300 points higher than his nearest competitor. Two
upsets occurred in the first round. Brad Beagle had a very nice
game, defeating Doug Fick on board four and Jeevak Somaratna
defeated Nick Cox on table eight. Aaron Kahn defeated Ashlee
Payne on board one, Gary Pratt defeated Kurt Benson on board two,
John Gattinger won on board three over Eron Ali, and Scott Thach
was victorious over Nick Perlongo on board five.
Aaron Kahn again won in round two, this time over David
Whatling. Gary Pratt lost to Ashley Carter as she carefully
reduced the position to give herself an advantage. John Gattinger
defeated Michael Collins on board three, and Scott Thach defeated
Stacey Moore on board four. Adam Ford, now in fourth grade, has
returned to competitive chess after nearly a yearlong hiatus. He
was one of three students below ninth grade competing in the
tournament. Adam lost to Tim Moroney on board five. Jon
Budzenski, a seventh grader, was upset by Chris Fraley on board
six. Chris has been playing almost constantly lately, probably a
big help in his recent, dramatic, improvement.
Round three pairings were carefully constructed to avoid a
match-up between siblings Ashley Carter and John Gattinger. Aaron
Kahn thus played Derek Wilder on board one and was victorious.
John Gattinger defeated Roland Samuel on board two. Ashley Carter
scored her second upset of the event, this time over Scott Thach.
Tim Moroney defeated Jeevak Somaratna on board four and Gary
Pratt returned to form, defeating Chris Fraley on board five. Tim
Johnson scored an upset over Doug Fick on table six and Jon
Budzenski drew with Ashlee Payne on table seven.
The round four pairings for the event were also carefully
constructed. The four perfect scores entering round four were
perfectly poised to create a single, undefeated champion. Ashley
Carter won her first game in the Young Junior Reserve before
coming upstairs to play her match on board one with Aaron Kahn.
Aaron ultimately won the game. On board two, John Gattinger
played a gut-wrenching game with Tim Moroney that went until the
last possible second. Thus, round five had the makings of a game
that could be played on board one, or at All the Kings Men
at Universal Mall.... Gary Pratt drew with Roland Samuel on board
three and Chris Fraley scored his second upset of the event, this
time over Scott Thach, on table four. Nick Cox defeated David
Whatling on table five.
With increasing numbers of younger students participating in
the Junior, we awarded under ninth grade trophies this year.
However, the overall event was much smaller, so we only had three
such players. One of them won an overall award, so we only
awarded two grade trophies. Both Adam Ford and Jon Budzenski
finished with 2.5-points winning first and second place under
ninth grade, respectively. However, we have no photograph as Adam
had left to go home and Jon was busy winning the Young Junior
tournament.
Amongst ninth graders, Kurt Benson finished in third place
with 2 points; Nick Perlongo from Dearborn scored 2.5-points to
finish second and Joe Sansone from Byron scored three points to
finish first. Both Nick and Joe have just begun playing chess
recently so it was very nice to see them make the trip to EGR for
the event.
Jeevak Somaratna from Ann Arbor, has just arrived from Sri
Lanka. He finished in third place amongst tenth graders in his
first tournament. Michael Collins from Detroit finished in second
place amongst tenth graders with 2.5-points. Winning the tenth
grade prize was Derek Wilder from Detroit Finney. Derek scored
three points.
All of the students winning eleventh grade awards scored three
points. Chris Fraley finished in third, Ashlee Payne finished in
second, and Flint Kearsley first board, Scott Thach, finished in
first.
Roland Samuel from Detroit Southeastern scored three points to
finish in third place for twelveth grade. Gary Pratt and Stacey
Moore both scored 3.5-points to finish in first and second
places, respectively, amongst twelveth graders. Roland and Stacey
helped us out this year as floor TDs at the Junior High and
Elementary Team tournaments, respectively.
Four points were necessary for players to break into the top
five trophy winners. Tim Johnson scored a quiet four points,
losing only to Derek Wilder, but with three upsets throughout the
course of the tournament, including one over Nick Cox in round
five. John Gattinger easily won in round five over Derek Wilder
after his dramatic round four game with Tim Moroney.
Eighth-grader, Ashley Carter finished in third place after a
very impressive tournament. She had two upsets on Saturday before
losing to Aaron Kahn in round 4 defeating Chris Fraley in round
five. Ashley will be representing Michigan at the Polgar
Invitational tournament for Girls, held during the U.S. Open in
Florida. This is the first year of the Polgar event, and
participants are not required to be high school students. Also,
the Michigan Chess Association has not yet established selection
criteria for the tournament, but chose Ashley Carter as the 2004
representative by virtue of her victory in the 2003 Michigan
Womens Championship and her performance at this event.
Aaron Kahn and Tim Moroney played a very careful game in the
last round that resulted in a draw. Although, I would have loved
to have seen a single, undefeated Champion, I cant fault
either Aaron or Tim for their boring last round result because
they both had superb tournaments with 4 quality wins. Also, as
Aaron and Tim are both freshmen, we can have another 3 years of
exciting chess. So, our 2004 Junior Champions are Aaron Kahn and
Tim Moroney. They will each receive $225 from the Michigan Chess
Scholarship fund when they attend college. The Michigan Chess
Scholarship is supported by the Sponsors sections at the Junior,
the Michigan Chess Association, and the booksellers who donate to
it. This year, All the Kings Men and Lindsay Chess supplies
made donations after selling at the Elementary and Junior High
team events, and the Junior. Sal Chehayab also made a modest
donation for selling at the High School team. As Aaron is in High
School this year, he is allowed to represent Michigan at the
Arnold Denker Invitational tournament of High School Champions.
The event is held during the U.S. Open each summer and this year
will be held in Florida.
Young Junior (K-8) Championship
Seventy-five players competed in this section, demolishing
last years record by 21 players. A handful of these players
had competed in the K-3 and K-5 Championships on Saturday, and
two players were also competing in the Junior Championship. Also
amazing was that 73 of the 76 competitors had ratings. Top seed
in the event was again Peter Nelson, just like last year.
However, he held a modest lead on the field as Jon Budzenski had
gained over 400 points from last years event, and Neal
Anderson had also improved. In addition to these three students,
another four 1400 players had joined the fray. In the interests
of generating a single champion, we used accelerated pairings in
the Young Junior sections. Thus, the games were intense and
competitive for all 5 rounds. At least one game lasted for the
full time control each round, and each round was progressively
later. However, despite the late check-ins, and the long rounds,
each subsequent round proceeded in a timely manner.
As there are many younger students participating in the event,
we awarded grade prizes for students that were under sixth grade.
All three of the trophies winners for the under sixth grade prize
scored 3.5-points. Bethel McGrew finished in third place. Bethel
is a fifth grader from the Kalamazoo. She lost only to
co-champion, Neal Anderson, and drew in round five with Brent
Kowalski. Second-grader, Atulya Shetty, was second amongst the
under sixth grade winners. He drew in round three and lost in
round four, before winning in round five to complete his
3.5-point performance. Robert Taliaferro II lost in round round
to Jonathan Evans and won the intervening games before drawing in
round five with Ibrahim Haugabook. These talented players were
very impressive in their performances against the older players.
Finishing second and third amongst sixth graders were Dalton
Barksdale and Lanxin Liu. Dalton is a student at Detroit Bates.
Both had parallel round results as Lanxin lost in round round to
Peter Nelson and Dalton lost in round round to Atulya Shetty.
Each then won the next three rounds before drawing in round five.
Finishing in first place for sixth grade with four points was Ben
White. Ben is an impressive player from Lansing Montessori
Childrens House. He lost only to Peter Nelson in round
three.
Two seventh graders with 3.5-points also won grade prizes.
Finishing in second and third place in seventh grade, were
Reginald Hammond and Deandre Hudson, respectively. Reginald is a
student at Detroit Barbour and Deandre attends Detroit A.L.
Holmes. Reginald drew in round one, won his next three games, and
lost in the final round to Justin Brereton. Deandre lost in round
two to Jonathan Evans and drew with Dalton Barksdale in round
three. Justin Brereton finished in first place in seventh grade.
Justin lost to Peter Nelson in round four. He is now a student at
Okemos Kinawa.
Brent Kowalski, from Grand Haven, finished in third place for
eighth grade with 3.5-points. He lost to Justin Brereton in round
one and won his next three games before drawing with Bethel
McGrew in round five. The first and second place eighth graders
both had four points. Kurtis Droge-Germain is a student at East
Lansing MacDonald and Ryan Rokita is from Saginaw. Kurtis lost
only to Jon Budzenski in the last round and Ryan lost to
Christopher Sweatland in round two.
With so many players, despite all of our efforts with the
pairings, two perfect scores were virtually inevitable. No
players finished with 4.5-points. In fifth place, James Canty III
completed an impressive performance, losing only to Neal Anderson
in round round. James also did very well in the Childrens
Sponsors section on Saturday as did his father on both Saturday
and Sunday. James is a sixth grader at Detroit Bates. Similarly
to James, Jonathan Evans also had his only loss of the tournament
in round four. Jonathan lost to Jon Budzenski. Jonathan is also a
sixth grader and attends Detroit Robeson. In a repeat of his
performance from last year, Peter Nelson finished in third place.
Peter, now in eighth grade, attends Lansing Pattengill. Also in a
repeat of last year, Peter lost to Neal Anderson in the final
round.
The 2004 Young Junior Co-Champions are Jon Budzenski and Neal
Anderson. Neal retained his title from last year. Jon improved on
his second place performance from last year. Both of the boys are
in seventh grade so theyll probably be back for more
trophies next year. Jon simultaneously competed in the Junior
tournament which didnt affect his performance in the Young
Junior, but perhaps hindered his results in the Junior. Neal now
attends Haslett MS, Jon is a student at Spring Lake Intermdiate
School. Jon defeated Max Wilson, Matthew Hale, Jamonte Brown,
Jonathan Evans, and Kurtis Droge-Germain en route to his first
place performance. Neal defeated Clinton Boyd, Connor McGuckin,
Bethel McGrew, James Canty, and Peter Nelson. Congratulations to
these students.
Young Junior (K-8 U800) Reserve
Competing on both Saturday and Sunday is becoming a trend at
the Michigan Junior Championships. The 55 players who chose to
enter this section were one off from the 56 that competed last
year. In fact, younger students did very well in this section
with three of the eight trophy winners being in fifth grade or
below. The first of these younger students was eighth place
finisher, Prasantha Amarasinghe. Prasantha is a fourth grader
from Ann Arbor Logan. His father also had a very successful
Saturday, as he won the Childrens Sponsors section.
Prasantha finished with four points, losing in round one and
winning his final four games. R.J. Perry is from the Memphis
chess program. He finished in seventh place, with four points.
R.J. lost only in round four. Krishna Chokkaram is a teammate of
Prasanthas at Ann Arbor Logan. Krishna played second board
for Logan and won a bronze medal at the state team tournament.
Krishna finished in sixth place after losing only in round three.
Fifth place finisher Husam Alghanem attends the Valley School in
Flint. He lost to R.J. Perry in round one, but regrouped to score
victories in his final four games. Danielle Moroney isnt
often seen competing in tournaments these days. On Saturday, she
watched her brother Tim play in the Junior, but as he finished
before she did on Sunday, he was able to see her score four
points to finish in fourth place. Danielle lost only to third
place finisher Daniel Brown. Daniel Brown was the Childrens
Reserve Champion from Saturday. Daniel finished in third place,
losing only in the final round to Edward Howard. Two top-tier
finishes in two days? We suspect that Daniel is pretty talented.
Second place was won by Fares Alghanem. Fares record was
only blemished by a draw with Amber Williams in round two. Fares
finished with 4.5-points, and like his brother attends the Valley
School in Flint. The Young Junior Reserve section was won by
Edward Howard. Edward is a student of Roy Almasys at the
resurgent Armstrong Middle School in Flint. Edward had the only
perfect score in the section. He defeated Steven Muckleroy, Erik
Hascall, Sagor Bhuiyan, Antquinn Frank, and Daniel Brown en route
to his victory. Congratulations to Young Junior Reserve Champion,
Edward Howard.
Childrens (K-5) Championship
With 52 players, the Childrens Championship section had
a modest increase over last years participation.
Forty-three of the 54 players had ratings, attesting to the
skill-level and abilities of the competitors in the
Childrens sections. Top-seeded Atulya Shetty this year led
Ann Arbor King team to the Co-Championship of the K-5 Elementary
Team. Teammates Helen Chu, Andrew Elenbogen, and Conner McGuckin,
were the second, fourth, and nineth seeds at the tournament. Also
competing in the event were players from the other K-5 Elementary
Team Co-Champion, Okemos Central. First board, Chris Rockwell,
was seeded eleventh, and fourth board Even Hertafeld was seeded
fourtyth, as his rating has not yet caught up after his perfect
score at the team tournament. Chris and Evan comprised two
members of an army of players from Bruce Roths Okemos
program that exceeded fifty participants over 2 days.
Fourth grade prizewinners included Issac Zylstra and Nishant
Jain, both with 3.5-points. Issac finished in third place for
fourth grade, losing in round one and drawing in round four.
Issac is from the west side of the state and Nishant plays for
Okemos Cornell. Nishant finished in second place for fourth
grade, drawing in round two with Connor McGuckin, and losing in
round four to Andrew Elenbogen. First place winner in fourth
grade was Eric Larson. Eric plays for Ann Arbor Wines and lost
only in round two before regrouping to finish with four points.
Third place amongst fifth graders was Connor McGuckin. Connor
drew with Nishant Jain in round two and won in rounds three and
four before losing to teammate, Helen Chu in the final round.
Connor scored 3.5-points. Four-pointers Alex Baker and Alexander
Kopitz finished first and second amongst fifth graders. Alex
Baker plays for Okemos Cornell. Alex Baker lost only in round
three and Alexander Kopitz lost only in round two.
Finishing in fifth place, overall was Alan Li. Alan also plays
for Okemos Cornell. Alan won in rounds one and two before losing
to Atulya Shetty in round three. Alan then was victorious in
rounds four and five to finish with four points. Helen Chu scored
four points to finish in fourth place. Both Helen and Alan are
fourth graders. Helen won in rounds one, two, and three before
losing to Chris Rockwell in round four. She was then victorious
over teammate Connor McGuckin in round five. Robert Hughes is
another star from Detroits Robeson Academy. This fifth
grader scored four points to finish in third place. Robert lost
only to Atulya Shetty in round four. Chris Rockwell, a fifth
grader from Okemos Central, finished in second place with four
points. Chris lost only to Atulya in the final round and scored a
victory over Helen Chu en route to his trophy. Atulya Shetty
started out on board one and didnt leave his spot for the
whole day. Atulya was victorious over Prasantha Amarasinghe,
Jimmy Mitchell, Alan Li, Robert Hughes, and Chris Rockwell to
claim his second title in two years. Last year, Atulya won the
Young Childrens Championship as a first grader and this
year, he won the 2004 Childrens Championship as a
second-grader. He also did very well at the Nationals in
Pittsburgh, finishing 11th in the K-3 section. Congratulations to
the 2004 Childrens Champion.
Childrens (K-5 U700) Reserve
Seven players finished the five-round event with four or more
points. These players all received trophies for their efforts.
Meera Desai from Ann Arbor Go Like the Wind finished in seventh
place with four points. She won her first three games before
losing to second place finisher, David Wallace in round four.
Meera then won her round five game to guarantee herself a trophy.
John Champion scored four points to finish in sixth place. John
attends Detroit Bates. He lost in the first round to DeLaun
Lofton and won his next four games to complete a four-point
performance. Fifth place winner, ShRaven Wells won her
first three games before losing in round four to Troy Spell.
ShRaven was one of several players from Detroit Robeson who
were very successful in this section. In all, there were fourteen
participants from Robeson and they all played both days. Robeson
coach, Robert Taliaferro I, was also successful, winning a class
prize in the Sponsors section. Christopher Fox, of Ypsilanti
Erickson, finished in fourth place. He won his first two games
before losing to second place finisher David Wallace in round
three. Christopher then resumed his trophy hunt and was
successful in winning his final two matches. Third place
finisher, Jack Spitzer competed in his first tournament and had a
very impressive performance. Jack won his first three games, lost
to the eventual champion in round four, and won in round five to
finish with four points. David Wallace, finishing in second
place, has already been mentioned a few times as the reason that
other four-pointers had only four points. David won his first
four games over very tough competition before faltering against
the champion in the last round. David Wallace attends Robeson, as
does the Childrens Reserve Champion, Daniel Brown. Daniel
is a fifth grader, and not to be confused with the event host,
also Daniel Brown. Daniel Brown scored a perfect 5 points,
defeating Sunjay Josyula, Evan Piotrowski, Troy Spell, Jack
Spitzer, and David Wallace. Congratulations to 2004
Childrens Reserve Champion, Daniel Brown.
Young Childrens (K-3)
Championship
Although 54 players were twelve fewer than the 66 that were
present last year, the tournament field appeared to be incredibly
strong. Over half of the players were rated, and the top 3 seeds
were all over 1000. There were also seven Kindergartners
competing in the section, along with one pre-school player.
Notably absent was second-grader, Atulya Shetty, who was playing
in the K-5 Championship section.
As I mentioned, we had the largest number of Kindergartners
ever to compete in the event. Often, I am not able to award all
three Kindergarten grade prizes, so I encouraged all of the
players to compete in the Championship section. This year, not
only did the young players compete against older students for
their prizes, but also they finished with impressive scores. All
three of the trophy winners in the Kindergarten group were
unrated. William Miklavcic earned third place amongst the
Kindergarten students by winning games, in rounds two and four to
finish with two points. Scoring 2.5-points to finish in second
place was Charlie Fauman. Charlie is a student at Ann Arbor
Summers Knoll. He scored points in rounds two and four
before drawing in round five. Finishing first among Kindergarten
students with three points was Safal Bora. Safal got off to an
excellent start, winning in rounds one and two over two 700-rated
players before drawing with a 900-player and losing to top-seeded
player, Chang Che. Safal completed his three-point performance by
drawing with improving first-grader, Joseph Tang.
Joseph Tang took a half-point bye in the first round, before
winning in rounds two and four and drawing with Safal Bora to
finish with three points, and in first place amongst first
graders. Winning seconnd and thirrd place amongst first graders
were Daniel Yuan and Bryce Wilson. Bryce plays for Okemos
Central, and Daniel for Ann Arbor Thurston. Both Daniel and Bryce
scored two points.
Second-graders however, dominated the event. Four of the top
five awards were won by second-graders. Amongst the grade
prizewinners, Jacob Seeterlin and Hunter Sagaskie finished in
seconnd and third places in second grade with three points each.
Jacob is a student at Okemos Wardcliff, and Hunter attends
Memphis. Finishing in first place in second grade was Andrew
Ying. Andrew has only been playing in tournaments since January,
so this was a very impressive result for him. He lost only to
Michael Carter in the last round to finish with four points.
Amongst the third graders, more points were necessary to break
into the trophy ranks. Finishing in third amongst third graders
with 3.5-points was Noah White. Noahs older brother Ben is
a force to be reckoned with at Lansing Montessori Childrens
House and Noah seems to be drawn of similar cloth as played first
board for the Montessori primary team this year. Noah drew with
Safal Bora before losing in the last round to Jacob Fauman. The
other trophy winners for third grade were second place Waleed
Yassine and first place Chang Che. Both Waleed and Chang scored
four points. Waleed played first board for the Okemos Hiawatha
Primary Team this year. He lost only to Safal Bora. Chang played
first board for the 2004 Primary Team Co-Champion Ann Arbor King.
Chang lost only to Michael Carter.
Finishing in fifth place overall was the Okemos Hiawatha
second board, Jeffrey Hoshal. Jeffrey was one of four-second
graders to finish in the top five. He lost only to Jacob Fauman
in round one, and scored victories in his next four rounds to
earn himself a trophy. Fourth place was won by second-grader,
Zachary Wilkins from Ann Arbor Emerson. Zach played second board
for the Elementary Team K-6(!) Champions from Emerson. He had a
very smooth tournament, winning in the first three rounds before
losing the Michael Carter in round four, a match-up that you will
probably see for many years to come. Zach won his final game to
finish with four points. Another second-grader finished in third
place, Leonard Crosby from Detroit Bates. Last year, Leonard tied
for first place in the Childrens Reserve section. Leonard
won his first two games before losing to Jacob Fauman in round
three. Leonard then rebounded, and won his final two games to
finish with four points.
Now you may have noticed that most of the losses amongst the
trophy winners were to one of two players, either Jacob Fauman,
or Michael Carter. These two students finished with perfect
scores to earn the title of 2004 Young Childrens Champion.
Jacob, a third grader at Ann Arbor Summers Knoll (and the
older brother of Kindergarten trophy winner Charlie Fauman),
defeated Jeffrey Hoshal, Dane Rosseter, Leonard Crosby, Abhinau
Reddy, and Noah White to complete his perfect score. Jacob also
achieved a perfect score playing first board from Summers
Knoll at the Primary Team tournament. Michael Carter is a second
grader at Monroe Custer. He played first board for the Custer
team in the K-5 tournament where he scored 4.5/5. Michael
defeated Nathan Janick, Joey Spring, Chang Che, Zachary Wilkins,
and Andrew Ying en route to his perfect score. Congratulations to
the 2004 Michigan Young Childrens Co-Champions.
You also may have noticed that the stronger players in the
event have similarly strong siblings. Michael Carter took his
first place trophy upstairs to the Junior room to show Ashley and
John where the standards were for 2004. Last year, all 3 of them
earned grade prizes.
Young Childrens (K-3 U500)
Reserve
Top five places were awarded in the Young Childrens (K-3
U500) Reserve section. This field of 31 players was largely
unrated and just playing in their first or second tournament.
Jacob Lourim from the Roeper school finished with 3.5-points and
in fifth place. He won his first two games before losing to
eventual third place finisher, Heidi Hoess. Jacob next defeated
fellow 3.5-point finisher Samir Desai before drawing in round
five. In fourth place was one of three players to finish with
four points. Shawn Gilbert, Jr. lost only in round two, to
eventual third place finisher, Heidi Hoess. Having scored in
round one, Shawn won his final three games to finish with four
points. Heidi Hoess won her first three games, including
victories over fourth and fifth place finishers, Shawn Gilbert,
Jr., and Jacob Lourim, respectively. Heidi is a member of the
Otsego St. Margarets club. In round four, eventual second
place finisher, Domenic Digiovine prevented Heidi from attaining
a perfect score, but she bounced back and won her fifth round
game. Second place finisher, Domenic Digiovine is a member of the
very new Ann Arbor Logan club. Domenic won his first four rounds
before losing to the champion in round five. And, the 2004 Young
Childrens Reserve Champion was Demetrius Brown. Demetrius
is a member of the very large, very skilled, and very active
Bates club in Detroit. Demetrius won all five of his games to
finish in first place with a perfect score. We can expect some
exciting things from all of these players in the future.
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